Excel & Google Sheets Formula Cheatsheet — 50 Essential Formulas (2026)

A complete reference of the most useful Excel and Google Sheets formulas. Every formula includes a copy-paste example and plain-English explanation. Bookmark this page — or use FormulaHawk to generate any formula from English.

🔍 Lookup & Reference

FormulaExampleWhat It Does
VLOOKUP=VLOOKUP(A2, Products!A:D, 4, FALSE)Find a value in a table and return a column
XLOOKUP=XLOOKUP(A2, B:B, D:D, "Not found")Modern replacement for VLOOKUP (Excel 365 / Sheets)
INDEX-MATCH=INDEX(C:C, MATCH(A2, B:B, 0))Two-dimensional lookup, more flexible than VLOOKUP
FILTER=FILTER(A2:D100, C2:C100>500)Filter rows based on criteria (dynamic array)
QUERY (Sheets)=QUERY(A:D, "SELECT A,B WHERE C>500")SQL-like queries in Google Sheets

📊 Conditional Aggregation

FormulaExampleWhat It Does
SUMIF=SUMIF(B:B, ">500", C:C)Sum values matching one condition
SUMIFS=SUMIFS(D:D, B:B, "Sales", C:C, ">1000")Sum values matching multiple conditions
COUNTIF=COUNTIF(C:C, ">100")Count cells matching one condition
COUNTIFS=COUNTIFS(B:B, "Complete", C:C, ">="&TODAY())Count cells matching multiple conditions
AVERAGEIF=AVERAGEIF(B:B, "East", C:C)Average values matching a condition
SUMPRODUCT=SUMPRODUCT(A2:A10, B2:B10)Multiply arrays and sum (weighted totals)

📅 Date & Time

FormulaExampleWhat It Does
TODAY=TODAY()Current date (auto-updates)
NOW=NOW()Current date and time
DATEDIF=DATEDIF(A2, TODAY(), "Y")Difference between dates (years/months/days)
EOMONTH=EOMONTH(A2, 0)Last day of month
WORKDAY=WORKDAY(A2, 10)Date after N working days
NETWORKDAYS=NETWORKDAYS(A2, B2)Working days between two dates

📝 Text Manipulation

FormulaExampleWhat It Does
CONCATENATE=A2 & " " & B2Join text from multiple cells (use & operator)
TEXTJOIN=TEXTJOIN(", ", TRUE, A2:A10)Join text with delimiter, skip blanks
LEFT / RIGHT / MID=LEFT(A2, 3)Extract characters from text
LEN=LEN(A2)Count characters
TRIM=TRIM(A2)Remove extra spaces
UPPER / LOWER / PROPER=PROPER(A2)Change text case
SUBSTITUTE=SUBSTITUTE(A2, "old", "new")Replace text within a string
SPLIT=SPLIT(A2, ",")Split text by delimiter into columns

📈 Math & Statistics

FormulaExampleWhat It Does
IF=IF(A2>100, "High", "Low")Conditional logic
IFS=IFS(A2>90,"A", A2>80,"B", TRUE,"C")Multiple conditions (avoids nested IFs)
SWITCH=SWITCH(A2, "NY","New York", "CA","California")Match value and return result
ROUND / ROUNDUP / ROUNDDOWN=ROUND(A2, 2)Round to N decimal places
RANK=RANK(A2, A:A, 0)Rank a value in a list
PERCENTILE=PERCENTILE(A:A, 0.9)Nth percentile of data

🔄 Array Formulas

FormulaExampleWhat It Does
ARRAYFORMULA=ARRAYFORMULA(A2:A * B2:B)Apply formula to entire range (Sheets)
UNIQUE=UNIQUE(A2:A100)Remove duplicates
SORT=SORT(A2:C100, 2, FALSE)Sort range by column (descending)
TRANSPOSE=TRANSPOSE(A1:D1)Flip rows to columns

💰 Financial & Business

FormulaExampleWhat It Does
PMT=PMT(5%/12, 360, -200000)Monthly loan payment
FV=FV(7%/12, 120, -500, 0)Future value of investment
NPV=NPV(10%, B2:B10) + A2Net present value of cash flows
IRR=IRR(B2:B10)Internal rate of return

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